Table of Contents
Network Configuration: Results
EG-253 | Practical Internet Technology II |
---|---|
Name | M. Castleton |
Student Number | 654795 |
Date of Submission | 29th November 2012 |
Instructions
This wiki page allows you to record the results of your network configuration exercise. You may need to refer to the configuration handout to complete this document.
Answer all questions based on the host that you are configuring in the lab. Edit this wiki page directly to insert your answers. You will probably find this most convenient to do at the same time as you perform the configuration. Where requested, please include listings of the actual configuration files and command outputs directly in the document. Placeholders have been provided for this purpose. Please follow the formatting hints given in the text.
When the exercise is complete you should sign and submit it in for marking. Deadline for completion is the start of the lab on the last week of this term.
This exercise is worth 20% of the module marks.
Host Configuration
Question 1
Which Linux command gives you information about your computer's name on the network?
Answer (delete as appropriate):
hostname
Question 2
Use the command selected in Question 1 to determine your host computer's name? What is the name?
tethys
Question 3
Which configuration file would you need to edit to change your computer's name on the network?
Your answer (one of):
/etc/hosts
Question 4
Which linux command gives you information on your host's network settings?
Answer one of:
ifconfig
Question 5
Use the command selected in Question 4 to complete the following table:
Feature | Value |
---|---|
My host's IP address | 192.168.3.3 |
My network's IP address | 192.168.3 |
The address used by my host to send an IP packet to all hosts on my network | 192.168.3.255 |
The netmask of my host | 255.255.255.0 |
The hardware address (MAC Address) of my LAN-facing network interface connection (NIC)1) | 00:19:d1:91:4d:3d |
The frame-level (layer 1) protocol is used to send network messages to the network from my host? | Ethernet |
Your network's IP address is actually 192.168.3.0 – or equivalently 192.168.3/24.
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 03:30
Question 6
How many hosts can the sub-net defined by your host's netmask support?
Answer one of:
254
Question 7
What class of network is the sub-net to which your host has been assigned?
Answer one of:
Class C
Network Configuration
Answer the following questions about your network configuration. Please copy and paste the contents of the files identified in Questions 8 and 11 to your submission.
Question 8
In which file is the configuration of your Network Interface Controller (NIC) configured?
Answer one of:
/etc/network/interfaces
Please include a listing of the file chosen in answer to Question 8:
auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.3.3 network 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.3.1
No marks lost, but I did adjust the formatting of your answer.
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 03:32
Question 9
What is the IP address of the host which serves as the default gateway for your network?
192.168.3.1
Question 10
What is the hostname of the gateway interface?
Saturn
Question 11
In which file is the symbolic names of the networks, hosts and interfaces available on the network defined?
Answer one of:
/etc/hosts
Please include a listing of the file chosen in answer to Question 11:
# Saturn cluster # 192.168.1.4 gw-saturn.icct.com gw-saturn saturn-if1 192.168.3.1 saturn.icct.com saturn saturn-if2 192.168.3.69 mimas.saturn.icct.com mimas rich 192.168.3.3 tethys.saturn.icct.com tethys me 192.168.3.21 hyperion.saturn.icct.com hyperion jen 192.168.3.2 dione.saturn.icct.com dione garry 192.168.3.35 titan0.saturn.icct.com titan ali \
I wanted the whole file, not just the bits concerned with the saturn network.
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 03:34
Question 12
What is the symbolic name of your network's gateway interface?
saturn.icct.com
Question 13
What is the purpose of the Gateway interface?
The gateway interface is simply the interface between the web page or browser and the web server that runs the program. You must have a gatewat interface access to run programs on your web page. It ensures higher security.
No! In this context, the gateway is a network layer issue, it has nothing to do with application prootocols like the web and it is not explicitly concerned with network security.
Think about the Intenet Protocol and routing!
In fact all the configuration in /etc/hostname
, /etc/hosts
and /etc/network/*
is actually all about IP and Ethernet. It has nothing to do with the higher level protocols at all. The one exception is /etc/resolv.conf
which is concerned with configuring your host to use DNS
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 03:35
Question 14
Which linux command shows the routing table for your host?
sudo route -n
Not sure that you need sudo. What does -n
flag do?
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:01
Run the command identified in Question 14 and reproduce its output here.
icct@tethys:~$ sudo route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.3.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 eth0 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
Question 15
How many interfaces (NICs) must a router have?
Answer one of:
2
Question 16
Which system feature must be turned on if you want a Linux host to act as a router?
ip_forwarding = yes
The system feature is called IP forwarding. This is the command you use to turn it on!
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:02
Question 17
Which run-time command can be used to make a Ubuntu Linux host act as a router?
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
Question 18
In which file is the setting defined in Question 17 set if you want a Ubuntu host to be configured as a router at boot-time?
icct@tethys:~$ ssh jupiter icct@jupiter:~$ nano /etc/network/options
Because the question asks for the file name, a better answer would be jupiter:/etc/network/options
– but in actual fact, for your network the correct answer is saturn:/etc/network/options
, because the gateway router for your host is saturn!
Reproduce the contents of the file defined in Question 17 to make a Ubuntu host into a router?
ip_forward=yes spoofprotect=yes syncookies=no
Question 19
What setting has been added to the network configuration file to define a route to icct-net
from your sub-network's cluster-server?
up route add -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.4
What about down route
?
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:09
icct@jupiter:~$ cat /etc/network/interfaces # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
# This is Jupiter
# The loopback network interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.3 network 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.1.1 # route to saturn-net up route add -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.4 down route del -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.4
auto eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 192.168.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.2.0 gateway 192.168.1.3
#iface eth0 inet dhcp #iface eth1 inet dhcp
# Uncomment following lines to active third interface #auto eth2 #iface eth2 inet dhcp
Yes, except, you should have reproduced the file for saturn!
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:09
Checking Your Network
The Linux command netstat
gives a lot of useful information on your network. In the following 3 questions, reproduce the output of various usages of netstat. You should annotate your results with a brief explanation of what they mean. You may need to print the output and attach to the submission.
Question 20
Give and explain the output of the command netstat -r
.
icct@tethys:~$ netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface default saturn.icct.com 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 saturn-net * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 The nestat -r command displays a Kernel IP routing table. The eight different headers contain different information on the network; Destination: The destination network/host Gateway: The gateway address "*" indicates if non has been set Flags: Possible flags include U (route is up) H (target is a host) G (use gateway) R (reinstate route for dynamic routing) D (dynamically installed by daemon or redirect) M (modified from routing daemon or redirect) A (installed by addrconf) C (cache entry) ! (reject route) MSS: Default maximum segment size for TCP connections over this route Window: Default window size for the TCP connection IRTT: Initial Round Trip Time, the Kernel uses this to guess about the best TCP Protocol parameters without waiting on answers. IFace: Interface to which packets of this route will be sent
Good idea to use the documentation for the definition, but what does it do in words that you and I could understand?
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:10
Question 21
Give and explain the output of the command netstat -i
.
Kernel Interface table Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg eth0 1500 0 27607 0 0 0 27095 0 0 0 BMRU lo 16436 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LRU
The MTU and met fields show the current MTU and metric values for that interface. The RX and TX columns show how many packets have been received or transmitted error-free(RX-OK/TX-OK) or damaged (RX-ERR/TX-ERR); How many have been dropped (RX-DRP/TX-DRP); and how many were lost because of an overrun. The last column shows the flags that have been set for this interface. These characters are one-character versions of the long flag names that are printed when you display the interface configuration with ifconfig: B: A broadcast address has been set L: The interface is a loopback device M: All packets have been received O: APR has been turned off for this interface P: This is a point to point connection R: Interface is running U: Interface is up
If anything, the official documentation of netstat -i
is even more opaque. What does it really show us?
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:11
Question 22
Give and explain the output of the command netstat -ta
.
icct@tethys:~$ netstat -ta Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:http *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost.localdoma:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost.localdo:mysql *:* LISTEN
The command -t displays all of the active TCP connections. A displays all active connections and the TCP and UDP ports on which the computer is listening. Combining them together gives the above output.
Good, that's what I was after for the previous two questions! Perhaps the documentation is better for netstat -ta
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:14
Testing the Connectivity of your network
Install, if necessary, the traceroute command then answer the following two questions.
Question 23
Give the output of traceroute from your host to any host on one of the other ICCT networks.
icct@tethys:~$ traceroute hyperion.saturn.icct.com traceroute to hyperion.saturn.icct.com (192.168.3.21), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 hyperion.saturn.icct.com (192.168.3.21) 0.753 ms 0.755 ms 0.748 ms
The question asks you to provide a route to another network. You should have used something on jupiter.icct.com or icct.com. There would then have been at least 2 hops.
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:12
Question 24
Give the output of traceroute
from your host to www.swan.ac.uk
icct@tethys:~$ traceroute hyperion.saturn.icct.com 1 hyperion.saturn.icct.com (192.168.3.21) 0.753 ms 0.755 ms 0.748 ms icct@tethys:~$ traceroute www.swan.ac.uk traceroute to www.swan.ac.uk (137.44.1.7), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 saturn.icct.com (192.168.3.1) 0.273 ms 0.259 ms 0.464 ms 2 * * * 3 * * * 4 * * * 5 * * * 6 * * * 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * * 10 * * * 11 * * * 12 * * * 13 * * * 14 * * * 15 * * * 16 * * * 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 * * * 20 * * * 21 * * * 22 * * * 23 * * * 24 * * * 25 * * * 26 * * * 27 * * * 28 * * * 29 * * * 30 * * *
How do you explain the no-reply status of hops 2-30? Do you think that there are there really 30 networks between hyperion.saturn.icct.com and www.swan.ac.uk?
— Chris Jobling 2012/12/06 04:15
Extension Questions
Question 25
A new sub-network engineering-net (192.168.10.0/24
) is to be added to the ICCT network. Host engineering (192.168.10.1/32
) is a cluster server for this new network. Give the settings needed to set up this host as a router to icct-net
, jupiter-net
, and saturn-net
and a gateway for engineering-net
.
Answer
Question 26
Which other files would you need to modify to correctly set up this new router?
Answer
Question 27
Summarize the changes that you would you need to make to your host's network configuration to have the new engineering sub-network recognized?
Answer
Question 27
Which other files would you need to modify to fully configure your host to recognizes the new engineering sub-network?
Answer
Signature
I hereby submit this work for marking.
Your signature here: M Castleton