Lists, maps and ranges are collection classes: they each hold references to other objects.

• Lists
• Maps
• Ranges

The slides and notes in this presentation are adapted from Groovy Programming (See Recommended Reading).

An index to the source code for all the examples in this lecture is available.

The List and Map can reference objects of differing types. The Range represents a collection of integer values. List and Map are dynamic and can grow and shrink at run-time. Each object in a List is indexed by an integer index. A Map collection can be indexed by any kind of object (although more often than not a String is used). Both List and Map can contain other lists and maps, so you can build data structures of arbitrary complexity.

A structure used to store an ordered collection of data items.

• A sequence of object references, indexed by an integer.

A List literal is presented as a series of objects separated by commas and enclosed in square brackets¹⁾

See code example 1 (listed in notes)

1 | Example 1: List literals (at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example1.groovy)

extern> http://www.cpjobling.org.uk/~eechris/at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example1.groovy

Notes

• To process the data in a list, we must be able to access individual elements. Groovy lists are indexed using the indexing operator [ ] which is implemented using the overloaded method getAt. The first element in a list is index zero. In the example line 1 declares a list of numbers and lines 5 and 6 show the use of indexing to retrieve values.
• A negative index can be used to count elements from the end as shown in lines 7 and 8.
• You can also apply the index directly to a list literal as shown on line 9.
• Additional, we can index a List using ranges (see Ranges) as shown in lines 12 to 13.
• The List indexing operator can also be used to set new values in a List as shown in line 16. You can also add a list to a list, as shown in line 18. The inserting of items to a list is implemented using the method putAt.
• A new item can be appended on to the right of a List using the « operator (leftShift method) as shown on line 22.
• The plus method has been overloaded for lists so that you can add new items using the + operator (line 23).
• the minus method has been overloaded for lists so that you can remove items using the - operator (line 26).

Like the String object, the List object has all the methods supported by java.util.List as well as a number of additional methods added by Groovy.

Example 2 (see listing in the notes) gives some examples of the more commonly used List methods.

1 | Example 2: List methods (at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example2.groovy)

extern> http://www.cpjobling.org.uk/~eechris/at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example2.groovy

Also known as associative array, dictionary, table and hash.

• An unordered collection of object references accessed by a key value.

The keys used in a Map can be of any class. When we insert a new element into a Map we need two values; a key and a value. indexing the Map with the same key retrieves the value.

See code example 3 (listed in notes)

1 | Example 3: Map literals (at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example3.groovy)

extern> http://www.cpjobling.org.uk/~eechris/at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example3.groovy

Notes

• Map literals comprise a comma separated list of key:value pairs enclosed in a square brackets.
• Individual elements of a Map are accessed using the subscript operator (implemented using the getAt method). The index value can be any class of object that represents the key (line 6). The value returned is the value associated with the key (line 6) or null (line 8) if no value with that key exists.
• For String keys, you can also use the property form of reference (line 7).
• The putAt method is used for updating elements and the notation for assignment is the same as for lists (line 12).

The Map object has all the methods supported by java.util.Map as well as a number of additional methods added by Groovy.

Example 4 (see listing in the notes) gives some examples of the more commonly used Map methods.

1 | Example 4: Map methods (at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example4.groovy)

extern> http://www.cpjobling.org.uk/~eechris/at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example4.groovy

The examples are fairly self-explanatory. A couple of points of note:

• method keySet returns an item of type KeySet (that is a Set), this is possible because each key value must be unique.
• The method values returns a Collection object, this is more conveniently handled as a list so the idiom is mp.getValues().asList() (line 30).
• Key values are not sorted, so it is tricky to compare expected items with actual items in assert statements. I used sort on line 31 to ensure the order of the values would be predictable.

1

// Ranges
1900..1999  // twentieth century (inclusive Range)
2000..<2100 // twenty-first century (exclusive Range)
'A'..'D'    // A, B, C, and D
10..1       // 10, 9, 8, ..., 1
'Z'..'X'    // Z, Y and X
 
// using expressions in ranges
def start = 10
def finish = 20
start..finish+1 // 10, 11, 12, ...., 20, 21

Example 5 (see listing in the notes) gives some examples of the more commonly used Range methods.

A range is a shorthand for specifying a sequence of values. A Range is denoted by the first and last values in the sequence, and Range can be inclusive or exclusive. An inclusive range includes all values from the first to the last (lines 2 and 4 in the slide). Note that .. is used for an inclusive range and ..< for an exclusive range (line 3). A range can be denoted by characters (single letter Strings) or Integers. As shown in lines 5 and 6, ranges can be ascending or descending.

More examples of the Range methods are given below.

The first and last value for a Range can be any numeric integer expression as shown in lines 9–11.

1 | Example 5: Range methods (at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example5.groovy)

extern> http://www.cpjobling.org.uk/~eechris/at-m42/Examples/lecture03/example5.groovy

The basic collection classes:

• Lists
• Maps
• Ranges

• Lab 1 the two exercises from Part 2.

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