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====== Network Configuration: Results ======

^EG-253^Practical Internet Technology II ^
|**Name** |Richard Parkin |
|**Student Number** |637234 |
|**Date of Submission** |22nd November 2012 |   

===== Instructions =====

This wiki page allows you to record the results of your network configuration exercise. You may need to refer to the configuration handout to complete this document. 

**Answer** all questions based on the host that you are configuring in the lab. Edit this wiki page directly to insert your answers. You will probably find this most convenient to do at the same time as you perform the configuration. Where requested, please include listings of the actual configuration files and command outputs directly in the document. Placeholders have been provided for this purpose. Please follow the formatting hints given in the text.

When the exercise is complete you should [[#signature|sign]] and submit it in for marking. Deadline for completion is the start of the lab on the last week of this term. 

This exercise is worth 20% of the module marks. 

===== Host Configuration =====


==== Question 1 ====
 

Which Linux command gives you information about your computer's name on the network?

**Answer** (//delete as appropriate//):

  
  hostname 



==== Question 2 ====

Use the command selected in [[#question_1|Question 1]] to determine your host computer's name? What is the name?

**Answer**: 


  Mimas


**small ''m''!**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:28//
==== Question 3 ====

Which configuration file would you need to edit to change your computer's name on the network?

Your answer (//one of//):


  /etc/hostname 



==== Question 4 ====

Which linux command gives you information on your host's network settings?

**Answer** //one of//:

  ifconfig 






==== Question 5 ====

Use the command selected in [[#question_4|Question 4]] to complete the following table:
^ Feature ^ Value ^
| My host's IP address |  inet addr:192.168.3.69  |
| My network's IP address |Bcast:192.168.3.255 |
| The address used by my host to send an IP packet to all hosts on my network | inet6 addr: fe80::219:d1ff:fe91:4fc7/64 |
| The netmask of my host | 255.255.255.0 |
| The hardware address (MAC Address) of my LAN-facing network interface connection (NIC)((If your host has two or more network cards, the LAN-facing card will be the NIC assigned to your host's static IP address.)) |HWaddr 00:19:d1:91:4f:c7| 
| The frame-level (layer 1) protocol is used to send network messages to the network from my host? |ethernet|  


**You have given the broadcast address for your host's network address and the IPv6 address for the IPv4 broadcast address!**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:29//
==== Question 6 ====

How many hosts can the sub-net defined by your host's netmask support?

**Answer** //one of//:

  256


**No! The netmask is 255.255.255.0 so 8 bits are available for hosts. 2^8 = 256 possible hosts but you can't use the //net address// (which would be 192.168.3.0) or the broadcast address (which is 192.168.3.255) so that leaves 254.**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:31//
==== Question 7 ====

What class of network is the //sub-net// to which your host has been assigned?

**Answer** //one of//:

  Class C 





===== Network Configuration =====

**Answer** the following questions about your network configuration. Please copy and paste the contents of the files identified in [[#question_8|Questions 8]] and [[#question_11|11]] to your submission.





==== Question 8 ====
 

In which file is the configuration of your Network Interface Controller (NIC) configured?

**Answer** //one of//:

  /etc/network/interfaces 


Please include a listing of the file chosen in answer to [[#question_8|Question 8]]:

  auto eth0
  iface eth0 inet static
           address 192.168.3.69
           network 192.168.3.0
           netmask 255.255.255.0
           gateway 192.168.3.1

  Copy contents of file and paste it as a listing here. 
  Include a minumum indent of two spaces per line.
  Like this. 


==== Question 9 ====

What is the IP address of the host which serves as the default gateway for your network?

**Answer**:  192.168.3.1 


==== Question 10 ====

What is the hostname of the gateway interface?

**Answer**:saturn


==== Question 11 ====

In which file is the symbolic names of the networks, hosts and interfaces available on the network defined?

**Answer** //one of//:

  /etc/hosts 




Please include a listing of the file chosen in answer to [[#question_11|Question 11]]:

  Copy contents of file and paste it as a listing here. 
  Include a minumum indent of two spaces per line.
  Like this. 
  
  127.0.0.1	localhost
  127.0.1.1	mimas

  # /etc/hosts -- Hosts file for ICCT Private network
  #
  # IP          FQDN                     if  aliases
  #
  127.0.0.1     localhost.localdomain      localhost myhost
  #
  192.168.1.1   solaris.icct.com            solaris inet-gateway
  192.168.1.2   venus.icct.com             venus www
  #
  # Jupiter cluster
  #

  192.168.1.3   gw-jupiter.icct.com        gw-jupter jupiter-if1
  192.168.2.1   jupiter.icct.com           jupiter jupiter-if2
  192.168.2.22  leda.jupiter.icct.com      jumana leda 
  192.168.2.23  carme.jupiter.icct.com     guo carme

  #
  # Saturn cluster
  #
  192.169.3.69  mimas.saturn.icct.com	 richard mimas
  192.168.3.21  hyperion.saturn.icct.com   jen hyperion
  192.168.1.4   gw-saturn.icct.com         gw-saturn saturn-if1
  192.168.3.1   saturn.icct.com            saturn saturn-if2
  192.168.3.2   dione.saturn.icct.com      gary dione
  192.168.3.3   tethys.saturn.icct.com     meg tethys
  192.168.3.35  titan.saturn.icct.com      ali titan
  #
  # Add other hosts/clusters below here
  # (we'll use this to add virtual hosts to the web-server in a later
  # lab exercise)


  # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
  ::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
  fe00::0 ip6-localnet
  ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
  ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
  ff02::2 ip6-allrouters

==== Question 12 ====

What is the symbolic name of your network's gateway interface?

**Answer**:  saturn.icct.com  



==== Question 13 ====

What is the purpose of the Gateway interface?

**Answer**:Its is where we can configure how the system is connected to the netowrk

**Not really. It defines where packets with IP addresses who's network address does not match the host's network address will be sent for forwarding to the destination network.**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:35//





==== Question 14 ====

Which linux command shows the routing table for your host?

**Answer**: 
route

Run the command identified in [[#question_14|Question 14]] and reproduce its output here.

**Answer**

<cli prompt="$" comment="#">
icct@mimas:/etc$ route
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         saturn.icct.com 0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 eth0
link-local      *               255.255.0.0     U     1000   0        0 eth0
saturn-net      *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0

</cli>

==== Question 15 ====

How many interfaces (NICs) must a router have?

**Answer** //one of//:

  2
==== Question 16 ====

Which system feature must be turned on if you want a Linux host to act as a router?

**Answer**: ip_forwarding=yes

**Answer is //IP forwarding//. Your answer would be part of the later question.**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:36//
==== Question 17 ====

Which run-time command can be used to make a Ubuntu Linux host act as a router?

**Answer**: 

sudo sh -c "echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward"

==== Question 18 ====

In which file is the setting defined in [[#question17|Question 17]] set if you want a Ubuntu host to be configured as a router at boot-time?

**Answer**: 
   nano /etc/network/options
   
**I expected you to be logged into the host so ''saturn:/etc/networking/options'' was the answer I was looking for. Ot at least some indication that you were logged into saturn**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:39//

Reproduce the contents of the file defined in [[#question_17|Question 17]] to make a Ubuntu host into a router?

**Answer**
   ip_forward=yes
   spoofprotect=yes
   syncookies=no












==== Question 19 ====

What setting has been added to the network configuration file to define a route to ''icct-net'' from your sub-network's cluster-server?

**Answer**: 

    up    route add -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.4
    
** what about ''down route''?**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:37//

  cat /etc/network/interfaces

   # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
   # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).

   # This is Jupiter

   # The loopback network interface
   auto lo
   iface lo inet loopback

    # The primary network interface
    auto eth0
    iface eth0 inet static
    address 192.168.1.3
    network 192.168.1.0
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 192.168.1.1
    # route to saturn-net
    up    route add -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.4
    down  route del -net 192.168.3.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.4
    
 **Your gateway router is //saturn//!**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:37//

===== Checking Your Network =====

The Linux command ''netstat'' gives a lot of useful information on your network. In the following 3 questions, reproduce the output of various usages of netstat. You should annotate your results with a brief explanation of what they mean. You may need to print the output and attach to the submission.

==== Question 20 ====

Give and explain the output of the command ''netstat -r''. 

**Answer**

<cli prompt="$" comment="#">
icct@mimas:~$ netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
default         saturn.icct.com 0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0
link-local      *               255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
saturn-net      *               255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0


</cli>

#same "route" command - gives you the kernel routing table information.
==== Question 21 ====

Give and explain the output of the command ''netstat -i''. 


**Answer**
<cli prompt="$" comment="#">
icct@mimas:~$ netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface   MTU Met   RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0       1500 0      7335      0      0 0          4660      0      0      0 BMRU
lo        16436 0         0      0      0 0             0      0      0      0 LRU


</cli>


#displays the statistics for network interfaces currently configured

**which statistics specifically?**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:42//

==== Question 22 ====

Give and explain the output of the command ''netstat -ta''. 

**Answer**
<cli prompt="$" comment="#">
icct@mimas:~$ netstat -ta
#Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 *:http                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp           *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:mysql         *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 mimas.local:58965       50.97.210.35-stati:http TIME_WAIT  
tcp        1      0 mimas.local:54753       mulberry.canonical:http CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp        0      0 mimas.local:58966       50.97.210.35-stati:http TIME_WAIT  
tcp6       0      0 ip6-localhost:ipp       [::]:*                  LISTEN   
</cli>

the 't' in this command provides us with the active and passive TCP Unix socket connections, by adding an 'a' sockets that are waiting for a connection are displayed also. The display is of a list of all servers currently on the system.  

===== Testing the Connectivity of your network =====

Install, if necessary, the //traceroute// command then answer the following two questions.

==== Question 23 ====

Give the output of traceroute from your host to any host on one of the other ICCT networks.

**Answer**
<cli prompt="$" comment="#">
icct@mimas:~$ traceroute tethys.saturn.icct.com
traceroute to tethys.saturn.icct.com (192.168.3.3), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  tethys.saturn.icct.com (192.168.3.3)  0.837 ms  0.836 ms  0.830 ms

</cli>  


**The question asks you to provide a route to another network. You should have used something on //jupiter.icct.com// or //icct.com//. There would then have been at least 2 hops.**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:44//
==== Question 24 ====

Give the output of ''traceroute'' from your host to ''www.swan.ac.uk''

**Answer**
<cli prompt="$" comment="#">
icct@mimas:~$ traceroute www.swan.ac.uk
traceroute to www.swan.ac.uk (137.44.1.7), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  saturn.icct.com (192.168.3.1)  0.270 ms  0.488 ms  0.478 ms
 2  * * *
 3  * * *
 4  * * *
 5  * * *
 6  * * *
 7  * * *
 8  * * *
 9  * * *
10  * * *
11  * * *
12  * * *
13  * * *
14  * * *
15  * * *
16  * * *
17  * * *
18  * * *
19  * * *
20  * * *
21  * * *
22  * * *
23  * * *
24  * * *
25  * * *
26  * * *
27  * * *
28  * * *
29  * * *
30  * * *

</cli>  

traceroute uses UDP datagrams to determin the path that packets take over a network. There are 30 lines in a default traceroute response. 

**Yes, but why is there no response from networks 2-30?**

 --- //[[chris@cpjobling.me|Chris Jobling]] 2012/12/06 04:45//
===== Extension Questions =====


==== Question 25 ====

A new sub-network engineering-net (''192.168.10.0/24'') is to be added to the ICCT network. Host engineering (''192.168.10.1/32'') is a cluster server for this new network. Give the settings needed to set up this host as a router to ''icct-net'', ''jupiter-net'', and ''saturn-net'' and a gateway for ''engineering-net''.

**Answer**

==== Question 26 ====

Which other files would you need to modify to correctly set up this new router?

**Answer** 


==== Question 27 ====

Summarize the changes that you would you need to make to your host's network configuration to have the new //engineering// sub-network recognized?

**Answer** 


==== Question 27 ====

Which other files would you need to modify to fully configure your host to recognizes the new engineering sub-network?

**Answer**


===== Signature =====


I hereby submit this work for marking.

Your signature here: